SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Communitas</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Communitas</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book by Percival and Paul Goodman, see <a href="Communitas_(book)" title="Communitas (book)">Communitas (book)</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>

<li><a href="Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>

<li><a href="Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li>

<li><a href="Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li>

<li><a href="Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li>

<li><a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li>

<li><a href="Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li>

<li><a href="Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li>

<li><a href="Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li>

<li><a href="Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist">

<dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li>

<li><a href="Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie%2C_de_Moravie%2C_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br>Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li>

<li><a href="Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li>

<li><a href="Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li>

<li><a href="Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li>

<li><a href="Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li>

<li><a href="Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li>

<dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li>

<li><a href="Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br>of the Religious Life</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li>

<li><a href="Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li>

<li><a href="Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li>

<li><a href="Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li>

<li><a href="E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li>

<li><a href="James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li>

<li><a href="Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li>

<li><a href="Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li>

<li><a href="Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li>

<li><a href="Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li>

<li><a href="Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist">

<dl><dt><a href="Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li>

<li><a href="Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li>

<li><a href="Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li>

<li><a href="Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li>

<li><a href="Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li>

<li><a href="Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li>

<li><a href="Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li>

<dl><dt><a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li>

<li><a href="Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li>

<li><a href="Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li>

<li><a href="Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li>

<li><a href="Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li>

<li><a href="Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li>

<li><a href="Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li>

<li><a href="Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li>

<li><a href="Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li>

<li><a href="Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li>

<li><a href="%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;">

<a href="Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><i><b>Communitas</b></i> is a <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> commonly referring either to an unstructured <a href="Community" title="Community">community</a> in which <a href="Person" title="Person">people</a> are equal, or to the very spirit of community. It also has special significance as a <a href="Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> in <a href="Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a> and the <a href="Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>. <a href="Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a>, who defined the anthropological usage of communitas, was interested in the interplay between what he called social 'structure' and 'antistructure'; <i>Liminality</i> and <i>Communitas</i> are both components of antistructure.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Communitas refers to an unstructured state in which all members of a community are equal allowing them to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage. Communitas is characteristic of people experiencing <a href="Liminality" title="Liminality">liminality</a> together. This term is used to distinguish the modality of social <a href="Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationship</a> from an area of common living. There is more than one distinction between <a href="Structure" title="Structure">structure</a> and communitas. The most familiar is the difference of <a href="Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> and <a href="Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a>. Every social position has something sacred about it. This sacred component is acquired during <a href="Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rites of passages</a>, through the changing of positions. Part of this sacredness is achieved through the transient humility learned in these phases, this allows people to reach a higher position.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victor_and_Edith_Turner">Victor and Edith Turner</h2></div>

<p>Communitas is an acute point of community. It takes community to the next level and allows the whole of the community to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage. This brings everyone onto an equal level: even if you are higher in position, you have been lower and you know what that is.

</p><p>Turner (1969, Pg.132; see also <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) distinguishes between:

</p>

<ul><li><i>existential or spontaneous communitas</i>, the transient personal experience of togetherness; e.g. that which occurs during a counter-culture happening.</li>

<li><i>normative communitas</i>, which occurs as communitas is transformed from its existential state to being organized into a permanent social system due to the need for social control.</li>

<li><i>ideological communitas</i>, which can be applied to many utopian social models.</li></ul>

<p>Communitas as a concept used by <a href="Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a> in his study of <a href="Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> has been criticized by anthropologists such as John Eade and Michael J. Sallnow's book <i>Contesting the Sacred</i> (1991).

</p><p>

At the heart of Turner’s theory is the notion that communitas involves a connection to the sacred, elicits powerful emotional experiences, and plays a key role in revitalizing social bonds and energies. In this sense, Turner’s work is closely linked to <a href="%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim’s</a> <i>The Elementary Forms of Religious Life</i>. Although Turner does not directly reference Durkheim’s seminal work in <i>The Ritual Process</i>, it is clear that Durkheim's ideas on collective effervescence form a fundamental part of Turner’s argument. For instance, Turner states: </p><blockquote><p>“Spontaneous communitas is richly charged with affects, mainly pleasurable ones. Life in "structure" is filled with objective difficulties... Spontaneous communitas has something magical about it. Subjectively there is in it the feeling of endless power... Structural action swiftly becomes arid and mechanical if those involved in it are not periodically immersed in the regenerative abyss of communitas.”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Edith Turner, Victor's widow and anthropologist in her own right, published in 2011<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a definitive overview of the anthropology of communitas, outlining the concept in relation to the natural history of joy, including the nature of human experience and its narration, festivals, music and sports, work, disaster, the sacred, revolution and nonviolence, nature and spirit, and ritual and rites of passage.

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paul_and_Percival_Goodman">Paul and Percival Goodman</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Communitas_(book)" title="Communitas (book)">Communitas (book)</a></div>

<p><i><a href="Communitas_(book)" title="Communitas (book)">Communitas</a></i> is also the title of a book published in 1947 by the 20th-century American thinker and writer <a href="Paul_Goodman_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Goodman (writer)">Paul Goodman</a> and his brother, <a href="Percival_Goodman" title="Percival Goodman">Percival Goodman</a>. Their book examines three kinds of possible societies: a society centered on consumption, a society centered on artistic and creative pursuits, and a society which maximizes human liberty. The Goodmans emphasize freedom from both coercion by a government or church and from human necessities by providing these free of cost to all citizens who do a couple of years of conscripted labor as young adults.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roberto_Esposito">Roberto Esposito</h2></div><p>

In 1998, Italian philosopher <a href="Roberto_Esposito" title="Roberto Esposito">Roberto Esposito</a> published a book under the name <i>Communitas</i> challenging the traditional understanding of this concept. It was translated in English in 2010 by Timothy Campbell. In this book, Esposito offers a very different interpretation of the concept of <i>communitas</i> based on a thorough etymological analysis of the word: "Community isn't a property, nor is it a territory to be separated and defended against those who do not belong to it. Rather, it is a void, a debt, a gift to the other that also reminds us of our constitutive alterity with respect to ourselves."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He goes on with his "deconstruction" of the concept of <i>communitas</i>: </p><blockquote><p>"From here it emerges that <i>communitas</i> is the totality of persons united not by a "property" but precisely by an obligation or a debt; not by an "addition" but by a "subtraction": by a lack, a limit that is configured as an onus, or even as a defective modality for him who is "affected", unlike for him who is instead "exempt" or "exempted". Here we find the final and most characteristic of the oppositions associated with (or that dominate) the alternative between public and private, those in other words that contrast <i>communitas</i> to <i>immunitas</i>. If <i>communis</i> is he who is required to carry out the functions of an office ― or to the donation of a grace ― on the contrary, he is called immune who has to perform no office, and for that reason he remains ungrateful. He can completely preserve his own position through a <i>vacatio muneris</i>. Whereas the <i>communitas</i> is bound by the sacrifice of the <i>compensatio</i>, the <i>immunitas</i> implies the beneficiary of the <i>dispensatio</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>"Therefore the community cannot be thought of as a body, as a corporation in which individuals are founded in a larger individual. Neither is community to be interpreted as a mutual, intersubjective "recognition" in which individuals are reflected in each other so as to confirm their initial identity; as a collective bond that comes at a certain point to connect individuals that before were separate. The community isn't a mode of being, much less a "making" of the individual subject. It isn't the subject's expansion or multiplication but its exposure to what interrupts the closing and turns it inside out: a dizziness, a syncope, a spasm in the continuity of the subject."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Others">Others</h2></div>

<p>For more on this perspective, see also <a href="Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Jean-Luc Nancy</a>'s paper "The Confronted Community"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as his book <a href="Jean-Luc_Nancy#La_Communauté_dés.C5.93uvrée" title="Jean-Luc Nancy"><i>The Inoperative Community</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Maurice Blanchot</a>'s book <i>The Unavowable Community</i> (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is an answer to <a href="Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Jean-Luc Nancy</a>'s <i>Inoperative Community</i>. <a href="Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a> engages in a similar argument about the concept of community in his 1990 book <a href="Giorgio_Agamben#The_Coming_Community_(1993)" title="Giorgio Agamben"><i>The Coming Community</i></a> (translated in English by <a href="Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a> in 1993).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rémi Astruc, a French scholar, recently proposed in his essay <i>Nous? L'aspiration à la Communauté et les arts</i> (2015),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to operate a distinction between Community with a capital C as the longing for <i>communitas</i> and communities (plural and small c) to name the numerous actualizations in human societies. Finally, on the American side, see <i>The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common</i> by <a href="Alphonso_Lingis" title="Alphonso Lingis">Alphonso Lingis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian author <a href="Alan_Hirsch" title="Alan Hirsch">Alan Hirsch</a> used the term to describe a more active, tighter-knit community in his book "The Forgotten Ways: Reactivating the Missional Church."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cmaresources.org/video/communitas_alan-hirsch">[1]</a>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Cornell University Press. pp. 273-4.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olaveson, T. (2001). Collective Effervescence and Communitas: Processual Models of Ritual and Society in Emile Durkheim and Victor Turner. Dialectical Anthropology, 26, pp. 105.</span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFSmithRileySmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Philip; Riley, Alexander; Smith, Philip Daniel (2009). <i>Cultural theory: an introduction</i> (2 ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 77. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4051-6907-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, Edith. 2012. <i>Communitas: The Anthropology of Collective Joy</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=4107">Stanford University Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613225247/http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=4107">Archived</a> 2010-06-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> : <i>Communitas. The Origin and Destiny of Community</i> by Roberto Esposito, translated by Timothy C. Campbell</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ESPOSITO, Roberto ([1998]2010). <i>Communitas. The Origin and Destiny of Community</i>, tr. by Timothy Campbell, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p.6</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ESPOSITO, Roberto ([1998]2010). <i>Communitas. The Origin and Destiny of Community</i>, tr. by Timothy Campbell, Stanford: Stanford University Press, p.7</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NANCY, Jean-Luc ([2001]2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/21696686/The-Confronted-Community-by-Jean-Luc-Nancy">"The Confronted Community"</a>, <i>Postcolonial Studies</i>, Vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 23-36</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NANCY, Jean-Luc ([1983] 1991). <i>The Inoperative Community</i>, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. This essay was first published in the French magazine <i>Aléa</i>, which was edited at that time by Christian Bourgois. Cf. Jean-Luc Nancy, <i>La communauté désoeuvrée</i>, Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1983</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BLANCHOT, Maurice ([1983]1988). 'The Unavowable Community', Station Hill Press</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AGAMBEN, Giorgio ([1990]1993). <i>The Coming Community</i>, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1993 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ekx1dg4nSgC">Google Books Preview</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ASTRUC, Rémi (2015) <i>Nous? L'aspiration à la Communauté et les arts</i>, Versailles, RKI Press</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LINGIS, Alphonso (1994). <i>The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common</i>, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arI1kHTxQTMC">Google Books Preview</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Read the introduction from Roberto Esposito's book <i>Communitas. The Origin and Destiny of Community</i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/extra/?id=4107&i=Introduction_pages&p=1">Introduction: Nothing In Common</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Turner, Victor</a>. "Rituals and Communitas." Creative Resistance. 26 Nov. 2005</li>

<li>Eade & Sallnow, 'Contesting the Sacred' (1991)</li>

<li>Carse, James P. "The Religious Case Against Belief", Penguin, New York, 2008</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Communitas&oldid=1280774348">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>